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Colloids - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Somewhere between the sizes of an atom and a grain of sand lies the realm of small particles called colloids. As will become evident, they are everywhere.

Combinatorial Chemistry - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Combinatorial chemistry is a sophisticated set of techniques used to synthesize, purify, analyze, and screen large numbers of chemical compounds, far faster and cheaper than was previously possible. The direct precursor of combinatorial chemistry was the solid-phase synthesis of polypeptides developed by American biochemist Robert Bruce Merrifield in the 1960s, followed by the advances in laboratory automation since then.

Computational Chemistry - Chemistry Encyclopedia

In 1929, shortly after the emergence of quantum mechanics, Paul Dirac made his famous statement that in principle the physical laws necessary to understand all of chemistry were at that point known—the only difficulty was that their application to chemical systems generally led to equations that were too difficult to solve. Consequently, at that time quantum principles could be rigorously applied only to simple atoms and molecules, such as H, He, H2+, and H2.

Concentration Gradient - Chemistry Encyclopedia

A concentration gradient occurs where the concentration of something changes over a certain distance. For example, a few drops of food dye in a glass of water diffuse along the concentration gradient, from where the dye exists in its highest concentration (for instance, the brightest blue or red) to where it occurs in its lowest concentration (the water is still clear).

Coordination Compounds - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Transition metals readily react with halogens to form binary compounds of various colors, for example: green-black ferric chloride (FeCl3), deep blue cobalt chloride (CoCl2), and golden yellow nickel bromide (NiBr2). These compounds dissolve in water to give brightly colored solutions—but of changed colors: yellow solutions (containing Fe3+ ions), red solutions (Co2+ ions), and green solutions (Ni2+ ions).

Copper - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Corrosion - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Corrosion is the deterioration a material undergoes as a result of its interaction with its surroundings. Although this definition is applicable to any type of material, it is usually reserved for metallic alloys.

Cortisone - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Cortisone is a steroid produced in the adrenal glands of the human body. The isolation of cortisone from the mixture of molecules produced in these glands was carried out by American biochemist Edward Kendall and coworkers.

Cosmetic Chemistry - Chemistry Encyclopedia

The global market for skincare and color cosmetics exceeded 53 billion dollars in 2002. The number of new products brought to market continues to expand exponentially.

Cryogenics - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Cryogenics is the science that addresses the production and effects of very low temperatures. The word originates from the Greek words kryos meaning "frost" and genic meaning "to produce." Under such a definition, it could be used to include all temperatures below the freezing point of water (0°C).

CT Scans - Chemistry Encyclopedia

A computed axial tomograph is an axial (cross sectional) view computed from a large set of values, each corresponding to the attenuation of an x-ray beam passed transversely (i.e. in the plane of the desired image) through the subject.

Curium - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Denaturation - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Protein molecules carry out many important tasks in living systems. Most important, the majority of proteins are quite specific about which task they perform.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of most living organisms. One of its main functions is to produce ribonucleic acid (RNA), which then makes proteins.

Detergents - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Soap and cleanliness are inseparable, and cleansing, be it personal hygiene or laundering, is part of human history. Stringent guidelines with regard to the cleanliness of holy sites are a part of all the major religions, and the sanctification of the state of cleanliness as well as its signification of purity of body and soul are recurrent themes in their liturgies.

Digital X Ray - Chemistry Encyclopedia

X-ray technology provides physicians and technicians with a noninvasive method for seeing inside objects. In the case of a patient's body, this may allow diagnosis of disease or injury without surgery.

Disaccharides - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Sucrose, or table sugar, is the most common disaccharide. Although the term "sugar" is commonly used to refer to sucrose, sucrose is only one of a large group of sugars.

Cori, Carl and Gerty - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Cottrell, Frederick - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Frederick Cottrell invented the "electrostatic precipitator," which removes pollutants from smoke. Cottrell was born on January 10, 1877, in Oakland, California, the son of Henry and Cynthia Cottrell.

Coulomb, Charles - Chemistry Encyclopedia

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born to affluent parents in Angoulême, France. His father's family was prominent in the legal profession and involved in the administration of the Languedoc region of France.

Curie, Marie Sklodowska - Chemistry Encyclopedia

French chemist Marie Sklodowska Curie, co-recipient, with Pierre Curie, of the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics and recipient of the 1911 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Dalton, John - Chemistry Encyclopedia

The fundamental idea of modern chemistry is that matter is made up of atoms of various sorts, which can be combined and rearranged to produce different, and often novel, materials. The person responsible for "this master-concept of our age" (Greenaway, p.

Chemistry Explained

Foundations and Applications