Bonding - Chemistry Encyclopedia
In the everyday world around us, we observe three very different types of materials: gases, liquids, and solids. Closer examination of the physical properties of homogeneous crystalline solids shows that they can be subdivided into four distinct categories according to their physical properties and the different forces holding them together.
Boron - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Bromine - Chemistry Encyclopedia
MELTING POINT: −7.3°CBOILING POINT: 59°CDENSITY: 3.12 g/cm3 (liq.
Cadmium - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Caffeine - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Figure 1. The molecular structure of caffeine.
Calcium - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Californium - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Carbohydrates - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Carbohydrates are the most abundant natural organic compounds on Earth. The term "carbohydrate" derives from their general formula of Cn(H2O)n, first determined in the nineteenth century, and indicates that these compounds are hydrates of carbon.
Carbon - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Carcinogen - Chemistry Encyclopedia
A carcinogen is a substance that can cause cancer in humans or animals. Carcinogens bring about molecular and biochemical disturbances in cells, resulting in dedifferentiation (the loss of cells' morphological and functional specializations, such that they behave like immature cells capable of resuming cell division) and uncontrolled growth (neoplasia).
Careers in Chemistry - Chemistry Encyclopedia
An undergraduate program in chemistry prepares the ground for many possible career paths, including industry, graduate work, and professional programs.
Catalysis and Catalysts - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Catalysis is an acceleration or retardation of the rate of a chemical reaction, brought about by the addition of a substance (the catalyst) to the reaction medium. The catalyst, usually present in small amounts, is not consumed in the reaction.
Cavendish, Henry - Chemistry Encyclopedia
English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish, who discovered hydrogen.
Cellulose - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule in nature. It is a polysaccharide assembled from glucose monomer units, and it (together with other materials such as hemicellulose and lignin) is the main constituent of plant cell walls.
Ceramics - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Ceramics can be defined as heat-resistant, nonmetallic, inorganic solids that are (generally) made up of compounds formed from metallic and nonmetallic elements. Although different types of ceramics can have very different properties, in general ceramics are corrosion-resistant and hard, but brittle.
Cerium - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Boltzmann, Ludwig - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Ludwig Edward Boltzmann is one of the foremost theoretical physicists of the latter nineteenth century. A vigorous advocate for the existence of atoms, he made monumental contributions to the kinetic theory of gases and established the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics.
Boyle, Robert - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Robert Boyle was born in 1627, the youngest son of a large upper-class English family with significant landholdings in Ireland and ties to both sides of the English Civil War (1642–1651).
Bragg, William Henry - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Sir William Henry Bragg was born on July 2, 1862, near Wigton in the northwest of England, the son of an officer in the merchant navy. He attended King William's College on the Isle of Man, before studying for the mathematical degree at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1884.
Bragg, William Lawrence - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Sir William Lawrence Bragg was born on March 31, 1890, in Adelaide, South Australia, where his father, William Henry Bragg, was professor of mathematics and physics. Lawrence attended St.
Brønsted, Johannes Nicolaus - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted was a physical chemist whose work resulted in a new theory of acids and bases. He was born in the town of Varde in Jutland (Denmark), where his father was an engineer for the Danish Heath Society.
Bunsen, Robert - Chemistry Encyclopedia
German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, the co-developer of the science of spectroscopy.
Caldwell, Mary - Chemistry Encyclopedia
During the early part of the twentieth century, women were rarely able to find a career related to chemistry. However, there were three particular fields that were havens for women: crystallography (to which physicist Dorothy Hodgkin contributed); radioactivity (a field that physicist Lise Meitner and chemist Marie Curie excelled in); and biochemistry, where Mary Caldwell was able to pursue a lifelong career.
Calvin, Melvin - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Melvin Calvin was born to immigrant parents on April 8, 1911, in St. Paul, Minnesota.
Cannizzaro, Stanislao - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro, known for his theories on atomic weight.
Carnot, Sadi - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Nicolas-Léonard-Sadi Carnot was born in 1796 in Paris. He is known as the father of thermodynamics.
Carothers, Wallace - Chemistry Encyclopedia
Wallace Hume Carothers, one of the founders of the modern synthetic materials industry, was born in Burlington, Iowa, on April 27, 1896.
Carver, George Washington - Chemistry Encyclopedia
George Washington Carver was born on a Missouri farm near Diamond Grove sometime toward the end of the U.S. Civil War.